refueling

Refueling is the process of replenishing a vehicle, machine, or system with fuel or energy to restore range, endurance, or capacity. It encompasses the replenishment of petroleum fuels as well as other energy carriers used to power modern equipment and transportation.

For road and air transport, refueling typically occurs at dedicated facilities such as service stations or airports, using compatible fuels like gasoline, diesel, or aviation turbine fuel. The process involves securing equipment, grounding to prevent static discharge, selecting the correct fuel grade, and delivering fuel to storage tanks or directly into a vehicle.

Aerial refueling is conducted to extend flight time by transferring fuel from one aircraft to another in flight, using a tanker aircraft. Methods include a flying boom or a probe-and-drogue system, with precise flight coordination and safety procedures to ensure successful and safe transfer.

Maritime refueling can occur while ships are alongside at a port or underway at sea using replenishment ships, hoses, lines, and pumping systems. The process requires careful navigation, planning, and management of transfer rates to minimize risk and maintain operational readiness.

In addition to conventional liquid fuels, some refueling operations support energy storage and propulsion for modern systems, such as battery charging or hydrogen fueling, particularly for electric or fuel-cell powertrains. While the term refueling is widely used, charging is often preferred for electrical energy in some contexts.

Safety and environmental considerations include handling of flammable liquids, prevention of spills, proper grounding, fire suppression, and adherence to applicable standards and regulations by operators and facilities.