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Refraction is the change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another or from a gradual change in the medium. It is most commonly observed when light or sound waves travel across the interface between two different media, such as air and water, or glass and air. The amount of refraction depends on the indices of refraction of the two media, which are measures of how much the speed of light is reduced when it enters a medium.

The law of refraction, also known as Snell's law, describes the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, and the indices of refraction of the two media. It states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is equal to the ratio of the indices of refraction of the two media.

Refraction is responsible for various optical phenomena, such as the bending of a straw in a glass of water, the formation of rainbows, and the focusing of light by lenses. It is also used in various technologies, such as optical fibers for communication and lenses for vision correction.

In addition to light, refraction can also occur with other types of waves, such as sound waves. The principles of refraction are similar, but the specific behavior can differ due to the different properties of the waves and the media involved.