reexamination

Reexamination is a formal review of a decision, action, or record to determine whether it remains correct or valid. It is used in many fields, including law, education, licensing, and government administration. A reexamination is typically triggered by new information, identified errors, or a request by a party with standing. The aim is to correct mistakes without launching a full appeal.

In patent law, reexamination is a post-grant procedure in which a patent office reassesses the validity of claims in light of prior art or new information. It can be initiated by third parties or by the patent owner. Ex parte reexamination involves only the office and the requester; inter partes forms permit participation by both sides. The outcome can sustain, narrow, or cancel claims, and may lead to revised claims.

Beyond patents, reexamination covers reviews of court decisions, regulatory rulings, or professional certifications. Grounds may include procedural error, new evidence, or questions about legality or fairness. Procedures typically involve filing grounds, a review by an official body, and a written determination. Outcomes include reaffirmation, modification, remand, or reversal.

Reexamination procedures are generally intended to improve accuracy and accountability, offering a faster, less resource-intensive alternative to full appeals. However, they can add delay and cost and may be used strategically.

Across jurisdictions, specifics vary, but the core idea is to provide a check on decisions by reevaluating evidence and reasoning.