redoxpotentialer

Redoxpotentialer, or redox potentials, quantify the tendency of a chemical system to acquire or donate electrons. The redox potential (Eh) is expressed in volts and is defined relative to a reference electrode, commonly the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) or another standard reference such as Ag/AgCl. It reflects the balance of redox reactions present and indicates whether oxidizing or reducing conditions dominate in a solution, sediment, or solid phase.

Measurement and theory: Redox potentials are related to the Gibbs energy change of redox processes via the Nernst equation. For a general couple a+ ne- ⇌ b, E = E° − (RT/nF) ln(Q), or in base-10 form E = E° − (0.05916/n) log10(Q) at 25 C. E° is the standard redox potential under defined conditions (1 M, 25 C). In practice, Eh is the effective potential of the mixture and depends on concentrations, pH, temperature, and complexation.

Factors: pH strongly influences Eh for proton-coupled couples; thus Eh–pH diagrams are used in geology and soil science. In natural waters, redox buffering creates regions of relatively stable Eh values and characteristic redox pairs.

Applications: Redoxpotentialer are used to assess corrosion risk, water quality, soil and sediment mineralogy, microbial metabolism, and the mapping of redox zones. They inform environmental monitoring and industrial processes and are often considered alongside pH and dissolved oxygen.

Limitations: In complex mixtures, Eh is an apparent, not unique, property and can be affected by kinetics and non-equilibrium conditions, making direct interpretation challenging. Accurate measurement requires careful electrode use and compatible reference electrodes.