In philosophy, realism asserts that the world exists independently of human perception, thought, or language. This view holds that objects, events, and truths have an objective reality that can be known through observation and reason. Realists argue that knowledge is grounded in empirical evidence, rejecting the idea that reality is solely constructed by human minds or cultural frameworks. Notable philosophers associated with realism include Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, and more modern figures like Willard Van Orman Quine.
In political theory, realism focuses on the practical aspects of international relations, often emphasizing power dynamics, national interests, and the constraints imposed by the absence of a central authority. Realist thinkers, such as Thucydides, Niccolò Machiavelli, and modern scholars like Hans Morgenthau, argue that states act rationally in pursuit of survival and security, often leading to competition and conflict. This perspective contrasts with idealism, which advocates for cooperation, diplomacy, and moral principles in global affairs.
In art, realism refers to a movement that emerged in the mid-19th century, characterized by the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment or idealization. Realist artists sought to portray contemporary social conditions, often highlighting the struggles of the working class. Figures like Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet are prominent examples of this movement, which aimed to challenge romanticized or fantastical representations in favor of truthful, unvarnished imagery.
While realism remains influential, its application and interpretation continue to evolve. Critics argue that it may overlook subjective experiences or the role of human interpretation in shaping reality, while supporters maintain that it provides a grounded approach to understanding the world. The debate between realism and alternative perspectives persists across disciplines, reflecting broader questions about the nature of knowledge and truth.