reaktör

A reaktör, commonly known as a reactor, is a device or system where a controlled nuclear reaction occurs, typically involving the fission of heavy atomic nuclei such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239. These reactors are fundamental to nuclear power generation, providing a means to produce electricity while also serving roles in scientific research, medical isotope production, and propulsion systems for naval vessels and spacecraft.

The basic principle of a nuclear reactor involves maintaining a self-sustaining chain reaction, where neutrons released during fission induce further fission events in adjacent nuclei. This process releases a substantial amount of heat, which is then used to generate steam to drive turbines connected to electrical generators. The reaction is carefully controlled by moderators, which slow down neutrons to increase the likelihood of further fission, and control rods, which absorb neutrons to regulate the reaction rate.

Reaktörs can be classified based on several criteria, including the type of fuel used, the moderator material, and the coolant employed. Common moderators include graphite, water, and heavy water (deuterium oxide), while coolants may be water, liquid metal (such as sodium), or gas (such as carbon dioxide or helium). Light water reactors (LWRs), which use ordinary water as both moderator and coolant, are among the most widely deployed designs globally.

Safety is a critical consideration in reactor design. Modern reactors incorporate multiple layers of protection, including containment structures to prevent the release of radioactive materials, emergency cooling systems, and redundant safety mechanisms. Despite these safeguards, nuclear accidents, such as those at Chernobyl in 1986 and Fukushima Daiichi in 2011, have highlighted the importance of robust safety protocols and continuous improvement in reactor technology.

Beyond power generation, research reactors are used for materials testing, neutron radiography, and the production of radioisotopes for medical and industrial applications. Advances in reactor design, such as small modular reactors (SMRs) and advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGRs), aim to enhance efficiency, safety, and sustainability while reducing operational costs and environmental impact.