railroads

Railroads are a transportation system that uses steel rails laid on ties and operated by locomotives and railcars. They move people and goods over land, connecting towns, regions, and countries. The network relies on fixed routes, standardized gauges, and specialized rolling stock.

Rail transport emerged in the early 19th century with steam locomotives, evolving from earlier horse-drawn tramways. Rapid expansion followed, enabling industrial growth and urbanization. Gauge standardization, especially the 1,435 mm standard gauge, improved interoperability, while some regions retained narrow or broad gauges.

A railroad's infrastructure includes tracks, signals, stations, and yards, plus rolling stock such as locomotives and cars. Operation relies on timetables, dispatching, and signaling to maintain safety and efficiency. Technological advances have brought centralized traffic control and automated or semi-automated train protection.

Rail services include passenger, freight, high-speed, and urban transit. Subtypes such as intercity trains, commuter services, and light rail provide varied speeds and capacities. Urban networks, regional lines, and international freight corridors illustrate the breadth of the system.

Railroads have shaped economic development by enabling large-scale movement of bulk commodities and perishable goods. They influence settlement, land use, and regional connectivity, while contributing to employment and commerce. Environmental considerations include energy use and emissions, with a trend toward electrification and efficiency improvements.

Modern railways employ electrification, diesel alternatives where necessary, and advanced signaling and control systems. Digital applications, predictive maintenance, and integrated freight and passenger networks are increasingly common in planning and operations.