pónym

Pónym is a term found in some linguistic and onomastic discussions used to refer to the class of words that denote names. It is not a standardized entry in major dictionaries, and its usage varies among scholars. When employed, pónym often serves as an umbrella or meta-category for naming expressions rather than a single fixed type.

Definition and scope

A pónym designates a name-bearing unit within a language or naming system. It can be used to discuss naming practices, semantic fields related to naming, or the processes by which names are formed and used. The concept is typically broader than individual name types, allowing for analysis across different kinds of names.

Relations to name types

Within the umbrella notion of pónym, several specific terms are recognized:

- Toponym: a place-name.

- Patronym: a name derived from the name or lineage of a father or ancestor.

- Autonym: the name a group uses for itself.

- Endonym: the name used by members of a group for themselves or by locals.

- Exonym: a name used by outsiders for a place or group.

- Pseudonym: a fictitious or adopted name; often treated as a distinct name type.

Usage and notes

Some scholars use pónym to avoid listing every '-onym' category individually, while others reserve it for a preliminary or theoretical stage in taxonomy of name types. In practical lexicography and standard reference works, more specific terms like toponym, patronym, or autonym are typically preferred.

Examples

A city like Tokyo is a toponym; a surname used by a writer as a pen name is a pseudonym or, in broader terms, a ponym. The term’s exact boundaries vary by author and context.

See also

Onomastics, Endonym, Exonym, Toponym, Patronym, Autonym, Pseudonym.