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Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), also known as pyridoxalphosphate, is the active form of vitamin B6. It is a cofactor in a vast number of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, particularly in amino acid metabolism. PLP is crucial for processes such as transamination, deamination, decarboxylation, and racemization of amino acids. It also plays a role in glycogenolysis and the synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and GABA.

The vitamin B6 group consists of three related compounds: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, along with their respective phosphorylated derivatives. Pyridoxine is primarily found in plants, while pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are more common in animal products. Once ingested, these forms are converted to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in the liver. PLP is water-soluble and excess amounts are generally excreted in the urine.

Deficiency in vitamin B6, leading to insufficient PLP levels, can result in various health issues. These may include neurological problems such as peripheral neuropathy, seizures, and depression, as well as skin conditions like dermatitis and cheilosis. Anemia can also occur due to PLP's involvement in heme synthesis. However, severe deficiency is rare in developed countries due to the widespread availability of vitamin B6 in foods.

PLP acts by forming a Schiff base with the amino group of a substrate, facilitating a wide range of chemical transformations. Its versatile reactivity stems from the unique electronic properties of its aldehyde and pyridine ring.

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