publiés

Publiés is the masculine plural past participle of publier. In French, publier means to publish or to issue. As such, publiés appears in two main roles: as the past participle in verb tenses based on avoir, and as an adjective agreeing with a masculine plural noun meaning “published.”

Etymology: publier derives from Middle French publier and ultimately from Latin publicus, meaning “of the people” or “public.” The participle forms are: publié (masc sing), publiée (fem sing), publiés (masc pl), publiées (fem pl).

Usage: With avoir, the participle normally does not agree unless there is a preceding direct object. For example: J'ai publié un article. Les articles que j'ai publiés ont suscité des réactions. In passive voice with être: Les articles ont été publiés; here published agrees with the subject, giving “publiés” for masculine plural.

In practice, publiés is frequent in education, libraries, journalism, and academic publishing to indicate that items have appeared publicly. The opposite form for not yet published is “non publiés,” and the phrase “à paraître” is used for works scheduled to be released.