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protoner

Protoner, in English commonly called protons, are positively charged subatomic particles that, along with neutrons, form the nuclei of atoms. Each proton carries a charge of +1 elementary charge and has a rest mass of about 1.6726×10^−27 kilograms (approximately 938 MeV/c^2), accounting for about 1 atomic mass unit. The proton's intrinsic angular momentum or spin is 1/2, making it a fermion. Its magnetic moment is +2.79 μN.

In the current understanding, a proton is composed of three valence quarks: two up quarks and one

Protons reside in atomic nuclei, where they are held together by the strong nuclear force, overcoming electrostatic

Historically, the hydrogen nucleus was identified as a fundamental constituent of many atoms in the early 20th

down
quark,
bound
together
by
gluons
via
the
strong
interaction.
The
up
quarks
carry
+2/3
each,
and
the
down
quark
carries
−1/3,
giving
a
total
charge
of
+1.
Protons
have
a
size
on
the
order
of
0.84–0.87
femtometres
in
radius,
with
a
distribution
of
charge
and
magnetization
described
by
form
factors.
repulsion
between
protons.
The
number
of
protons
in
a
nucleus
determines
the
element's
atomic
number.
Protons,
together
with
neutrons,
contribute
most
of
the
mass
of
atoms.
Free
protons
are
extremely
long-lived;
no
decay
has
been
observed,
with
experimental
lower
limits
on
the
proton
lifetime
far
exceeding
the
age
of
the
universe.
century,
and
the
term
proton
was
coined
by
Ernest
Rutherford
in
1919.
In
physics,
protons
are
baryons
and
play
a
central
role
in
nuclear
and
particle
physics,
astrophysical
processes
such
as
the
proton-proton
chain
in
stars,
and
in
medical
and
technological
applications,
notably
proton
therapy
for
cancer
treatment
and
proton
accelerators
used
in
imaging
and
research.