proteólýsum

Proteolysis refers to the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids. This process is essential in many biological functions and occurs through the action of enzymes called proteases, also known as peptidases. Proteases catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, the linkages that hold amino acids together in a protein chain.

This enzymatic activity can occur in various cellular compartments and extracellular spaces. In eukaryotes, proteolysis plays a critical role in protein turnover, the regulated degradation and synthesis of proteins. It is involved in cellular signaling pathways, where specific proteins are cleaved to activate or deactivate them. Proteolysis is also crucial for processing newly synthesized proteins into their mature, functional forms, such as the activation of digestive enzymes or hormones. Furthermore, the targeted degradation of damaged or misfolded proteins by proteasomes is vital for maintaining cellular health and preventing the accumulation of toxic aggregates.

Beyond cellular regulation, proteolysis is fundamental to digestion. In the gastrointestinal tract, ingested proteins are broken down by proteases secreted from the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine into amino acids and small peptides, which can then be absorbed by the body.

Dysregulation of proteolysis can lead to various diseases. For instance, uncontrolled proteolysis can contribute to tissue damage in inflammatory conditions and cancer metastasis. Conversely, impaired proteolysis can result in the buildup of abnormal proteins, as seen in some neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, proteolysis is a tightly regulated process that is integral to life.