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Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. They are an essential component of all known forms of life, performing a wide variety of functions. In humans, proteins are involved in almost every process in the body, including growth, development, and maintenance of tissues and organs. They are also crucial for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

Proteins are typically composed of 20 different amino acids, which are linked together in a linear sequence determined by the genetic code. This sequence is known as the primary structure of the protein. The primary structure can then fold into a three-dimensional shape, known as the secondary and tertiary structures, which are stabilized by various types of bonds, including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, and ionic bonds. The final three-dimensional shape of a protein is known as its quaternary structure, which is the result of the interaction between multiple protein chains.

Proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions, while structural proteins provide support and shape to cells and tissues. Transport proteins facilitate the movement of molecules across cell membranes, and regulatory proteins control the activity of other proteins. Hormones, which are signaling molecules, are also proteins.

Proteins play a vital role in the body's immune system, helping to defend against infections and diseases. They are also essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system, as they transmit signals between nerve cells. In addition, proteins are involved in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and they are a major component of the body's muscle tissue.

Proteins are synthesized by the body's cells through a process called translation, which involves the decoding of genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA) into a sequence of amino acids. The body can also obtain proteins from dietary sources, such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, and legumes. However, the body cannot synthesize all of the amino acids it needs, and therefore, it is important to consume a balanced diet that includes a variety of protein sources.