prickelbacks

Prickelbacks are a family of marine fish belonging to the order Gasterosteiformes. They are characterized by their elongated, cylindrical bodies and the presence of prickles or spines on their bodies, which are used for defense and camouflage. Prickelbacks are found in both freshwater and marine environments, with some species being euryhaline, meaning they can tolerate a wide range of salinity levels.

The family Gasterosteidae includes several genera, with the most well-known being Gasterosteus, which contains the three-spined stickleback. This species is native to the North Atlantic Ocean and is known for its ability to change color to blend in with its surroundings, a behavior known as color polymorphism. The three-spined stickleback is also notable for its complex social structure and reproductive behaviors, including male-male competition and the formation of harems.

Other genera within the family include Apeltes, which contains the banded killifish, and Pungitius, which includes the thornyhead. These fish are typically small to medium-sized, with most species reaching lengths of 10-20 centimeters. Prickelbacks are generally omnivorous, feeding on a variety of small invertebrates and plant material.

Prickelbacks play an important role in their ecosystems, serving as both prey and predator. They are also of interest to researchers studying evolution, behavior, and ecology due to their unique adaptations and behaviors. Conservation efforts are ongoing for some species, particularly those threatened by habitat loss and pollution.