pox

Pox refers to a group of diseases caused by viruses in the family Poxviridae, most notably the orthopoxviruses such as variola (smallpox), cowpox, monkeypox, and vaccinia. The term historically derives from the pock lesions that appear on the skin. These viruses are large, complex DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells.

Transmission and clinical features vary by disease but share some common elements. Smallpox spread mainly through respiratory droplets and close contact, with fever, malaise, and a characteristic progressive rash that becomes vesicular and pustular before crusting. Monkeypox and cowpox are typically zoonotic, acquired from infected animals or through close contact with an infected person, and can cause fever, lymphadenopathy, and a vesiculopustular rash. Transmission can occur via direct contact with lesions, body fluids, or contaminated objects.

Diagnosis commonly relies on laboratory testing of lesion material, including PCR and viral culture. Serology and electron microscopy may aid in certain settings. Management is largely supportive; antiviral agents and vaccines are used in some circumstances, particularly for exposure or high-risk groups. Prevention relies on vaccination with vaccinia-based vaccines, which historically provided broad protection against orthopoxviruses. Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980 after a worldwide vaccination campaign; routine vaccination ceased, leaving limited residual immunity in the population. In recent years, concerns about monkeypox have led to targeted vaccination strategies and public health surveillance to control outbreaks.