popups

Popups are graphical user interface elements that appear over the main content of a page or application to present information, request input, or capture the user’s attention. They can take the form of separate windows controlled by the operating system or browser, or in-page overlays that float within the current content.

Two broad forms exist. Window-based popups open in a new window or as a modal dialog and often require interaction before returning to the underlying page. In-page popups include overlays, lightboxes, popovers, and tooltips that sit above content without creating a separate window. Tooltips are lightweight popups that provide brief contextual information when an element is focused or hovered.

Common uses include alerts and confirmations, data entry prompts, cookie consent banners, guided tours, help messages, and advertisements. In web contexts, popups are frequently triggered by user actions or timed events. Many modern browsers implement popup blockers to prevent unsolicited or disruptive windows from appearing.

From a design and accessibility perspective, popups should be dismissible and clearly labeled. If a popup is modal, it should trap focus until closed and return focus to the initiating element on dismissal. Developers should use appropriate ARIA roles and labels to help screen readers interpret the element, and avoid creating barriers for keyboard and assistive technology users.

Historically prevalent in the 1990s as an advertising tactic, popups faced growing backlash for intrusiveness, leading to widespread blocking. Contemporary practice often favors non-intrusive alternatives such as inline expansions, non-modal notifications, or contextual help to minimize disruption while preserving visibility and control.