pigmente

Pigmente (pigments) are insoluble substances that impart color by selectively absorbing and scattering light. When dispersed in a medium, they remain as solid particles rather than dissolving, giving color to paints, plastics, inks, cosmetics, and many food colorants. The perceived color depends on the pigment’s molecular structure, particle size, and how well it is dispersed.

Classification and types: Pigments are typically grouped as inorganic, organic, and natural. Inorganic pigments include iron oxides, titanium dioxide (a white pigment), chromium oxide, and others. Organic pigments cover a wide range, including phthalocyanines (blue and green) and azo pigments (reds, oranges). Natural pigments are derived from minerals, plants, or animals, such as ochres, umbers, and carmine. Synthetic pigments, developed from the 19th century onward, offer a broader color palette and improved stability.

Properties and performance: Important properties include tinting strength, opacity or transparency, lightfastness (resistance to fading under light), heat and chemical stability, and dispersibility in the medium. Safety and environmental considerations are relevant, as some pigments contain toxic metals or can pose ecological risks if released untreated.

Production and use: Pigments can be mined or synthesized and then milled into fine particles. They are often stabilized with binders and dispersants to improve distribution in coatings, plastics, ceramics, and cosmetics. In food and cosmetics, pigments are subject to regulatory purity and safety standards.

History and impact: From ancient ochres to modern synthetic organics, pigments have driven advances in art, industry, and technology, shaping color in everyday products and cultural objects.