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Piezoelectricity is a phenomenon observed in certain crystalline materials where mechanical stress induces an electric charge, and conversely, an applied electric field causes a deformation of the material. This effect is known as the direct piezoelectric effect and the converse piezoelectric effect, respectively. Materials exhibiting piezoelectricity possess an asymmetric crystal structure, meaning they lack a center of symmetry. When subjected to mechanical forces, the displacement of charged ions within the crystal lattice creates a net dipole moment, resulting in a measurable electric potential across the material. Conversely, applying an electric field reorients these dipoles, leading to a change in the material's shape. Common piezoelectric materials include quartz, certain ceramics like lead zirconate titanate (PZT), and some polymers.

The applications of piezoelectricity are diverse and span many technological fields. In sensing, piezoelectric transducers convert mechanical vibrations or pressures into electrical signals, enabling their use in microphones, accelerometers, and pressure sensors. In actuation, the converse piezoelectric effect is utilized to create precise movements in devices such as inkjet printer heads, ultrasonic transducers for medical imaging, and actuators for micro-positioning systems. Piezoelectric materials are also employed in energy harvesting, where mechanical energy from ambient vibrations can be converted into electrical energy to power small electronic devices. The development and understanding of piezoelectricity have led to significant advancements in transducer technology and have opened avenues for novel electronic and mechanical systems.