pielonefritis

Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects one or both kidneys. It typically occurs when bacteria from the bladder ascend into the kidneys. Common symptoms include fever, chills, flank pain, nausea, and vomiting. Urgency and frequency of urination, along with painful urination, may also be present.

The most common cause of pyelonephritis is Escherichia coli (E. coli), a type of bacteria normally found in the digestive tract. Other bacteria can also cause the infection. Risk factors include female sex, sexual activity, certain types of birth control, and conditions that obstruct urine flow, such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate. Pregnancy can also increase the risk.

Diagnosis is usually made based on symptoms, a physical examination, and urine tests to detect bacteria and white blood cells. Blood tests may also be performed to check for signs of infection and kidney function. Imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans might be used to identify any anatomical abnormalities or complications.

Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the bacterial infection. Severe cases may require hospitalization for intravenous antibiotics and fluids. Prompt treatment is important to prevent complications such as kidney damage, kidney scarring, or the spread of infection to the bloodstream (sepsis). Recurrent infections can lead to chronic kidney disease. Prevention strategies include drinking plenty of fluids, urinating after sexual intercourse, and proper hygiene.