picnómetros

Picnómetros are laboratory instruments used to determine the precise density of liquids. They are essentially specially designed glass flasks with a precisely measured volume. The name "picnómetro" comes from the Greek words "pyknos" meaning dense and "metron" meaning measure.

The operation of a picnómetro relies on accurately measuring the mass of a known volume of a liquid. Typically, the picnómetro is first weighed when empty. Then, it is filled with the liquid of interest, ensuring no air bubbles are trapped and that the liquid level is precisely at a calibration mark or the stopper. Any excess liquid is carefully removed. The filled picnómetro is then weighed. The difference in mass between the filled and empty picnómetro gives the mass of the liquid. Knowing the precise volume of the picnómetro, the density can be calculated using the formula density = mass/volume.

Picnómetros are often made of glass and come in various designs, including those with a ground-glass stopper that has a capillary tube to allow for precise filling and overflow. Some picnómetros are designed for specific temperature ranges, as liquid density is temperature-dependent. They are a fundamental tool in analytical chemistry and other fields where accurate density measurements are required for material characterization or quality control.