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Physiology is the scientific study of the normal function of living organisms and their parts. It examines the physical and chemical factors that the body needs to function. This encompasses a vast array of topics, from the molecular mechanisms within cells to the integrated functions of organ systems and the organism as a whole. Physiologists investigate how organs work, how they interact, and how these interactions are regulated to maintain life.

The field of physiology is broad and can be divided into numerous sub-disciplines, each focusing on specific aspects of biological function. For instance, cellular physiology explores the processes occurring within individual cells, while organ physiology examines the function of specific organs like the heart, lungs, or kidneys. Neurophysiology is dedicated to the study of the nervous system, and cardiovascular physiology focuses on the circulatory system.

Understanding physiological principles is crucial for advancements in medicine, biology, and biotechnology. Knowledge of normal physiological processes provides a baseline against which to understand disease states, develop diagnostic tools, and design therapeutic interventions. It also underpins our comprehension of how organisms adapt to their environments and how these processes have evolved over time.