phenytoiniin

Phenytoin is a medication that belongs to the class of antiepileptic drugs, specifically the hydantoin class. It is primarily used in the treatment of epilepsy, particularly for the management of tonic-clonic seizures, partial seizures, and generalized seizures.

Phenytoin is thought to exert its antiepileptic effects by stabilizing the threshold for cortical neuronal hyperexcitability. It achieves this by stabilizing voltage-gated sodium channels, which in turn reduces the frequency of action potentials and the propagation of electrical discharges in the brain.

The medication has a long half-life, ranging from 7 to 42 hours, depending on the individual's metabolism and other factors. It is usually administered orally, but can also be given intravenously or rectally in certain situations.

Common side effects of phenytoin include dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea. More serious adverse effects can include ataxia, nystagmus, and gingival hyperplasia. Phenytoin can also interact with other medications, such as barbiturates, carbamazepine, and valproic acid, and reduce their efficacy.

In addition to its use as an antiepileptic, phenytoin has also been used for its anti-arrhythmic and anti-Grand mal properties. It is also used in some cases for the prevention of seizures during electroconvulsive therapy.

Phenytoin is known by the brand names Dilantin and others. It was first synthesized in the 1930s and has since become one of the most widely used antiepileptic drugs globally.