perverse

Perverse is an adjective used to describe actions, attitudes, or preferences that deliberately act against what is reasonable, expected, or morally acceptable. It can also describe a tendency to take pleasure in, or derive satisfaction from, contrary or harmful outcomes. In everyday language, calling something perverse usually conveys criticism or disbelief at the stubborn and contrary nature of the behavior.

Etymology: The term derives from Old French pervers, from Latin perversus “turned the wrong way,” formed from per- “through, against” and vertere “to turn.”

Usage: In common speech, perverse describes obstinacy or counterproductive conduct, such as a perverse refusal to acknowledge fault. In economics and public policy, the phrase “perverse incentives” or “perverse effects” refers to outcomes that undermine the goals of a policy or program, often because individuals or groups adapt their behavior to unintended consequences.

Sexual and clinical contexts: Historically, the word perversion was used in sexology to label sexual practices deemed deviant. Modern clinical language tends to favor specific terms such as paraphilias, and regards “perversion” as stigmatizing. Outside formal clinical settings, the word perverse remains a loaded moral judgment rather than a neutral descriptor.

See also: perversity, perversion, perverse incentive, paraphilia.