permiana

Permiana refers to the Permian period, a geological time span that lasted from approximately 299 to 252 million years ago. It is the last period of the Paleozoic Era and is situated between the Carboniferous and Triassic periods. The Permian is characterized by significant geological and biological events.

Geologically, the Permian saw the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea, a massive landmass that encompassed most of the Earth's continents. This led to extensive mountain-building events, particularly the Hercynian Orogeny in Europe and the Appalachian Orogeny in North America. The climate during the Permian was generally arid, with vast deserts dominating many continental interiors.

Biologically, the Permian was a transitional period. Marine life included abundant brachiopods, ammonoids, and crinoids. In terrestrial environments, plant life evolved to adapt to drier conditions, with the development of seed plants like conifers becoming more prominent. The Permian is also notable for the diversification of reptiles, including the emergence of synapsids, which are the ancestors of mammals.

The Permian period ended with the Permian-Triassic extinction event, also known as the Great Dying. This was the most severe extinction event in Earth's history, wiping out an estimated 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species. The causes of this mass extinction are still debated but likely involved a combination of volcanic activity, climate change, and ocean anoxia. The end of the Permian marked a major turning point in the history of life on Earth, paving the way for the rise of new groups of organisms in the subsequent Triassic period.