perianal

Perianal describes the region surrounding the anus, including the perianal skin and the anal margin where the skin meets the anal canal. The term is used in clinical descriptions of disease, anatomy, and examination of this area.

The perianal area comprises skin with sweat and sebaceous glands, as well as subcutaneous tissues and underlying pelvic floor structures, including parts of the sphincter muscles. It contains several anal glands and neural and vascular supplies that contribute to sensation and drainage.

Common perianal conditions include dermatitis from irritation or infection, leading to itching and redness; anal fissures, which are painful tears in the anoderm near the anal verge; perianal abscesses and fistulas, which arise from infection and may cause swelling, drainage, and fever; and external hemorrhoids affecting the surrounding skin. Infections such as herpes can also involve the perianal skin, and chronic inflammatory conditions may affect the area.

Evaluation typically involves a focused physical examination, inspection of the perianal skin, and digital rectal examination; in some cases anoscopy, ultrasound, or imaging may be used to assess deeper structures or fistulous tracts.

Management depends on the diagnosis and may include improved hygiene and barrier creams for dermatitis, topical medications for fissures, antibiotic therapy and surgical drainage for abscesses, and surgical evaluation for fistulas; rare cancers require biopsy and oncologic care. Many perianal conditions improve with prompt medical attention.