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Peer-to-peer (P2P) connections refer to a network architecture where each participant, or "peer," shares resources and services directly with other participants, without the need for a central server. This decentralized model contrasts with the traditional client-server architecture, where a central server manages and distributes resources to clients.

P2P connections are commonly used in file-sharing applications, such as BitTorrent, where users can download and upload files directly from each other. This method can be more efficient than downloading from a single server, as it distributes the load across multiple peers. However, it also poses challenges in terms of security, as there is no central authority to monitor or control the network.

In addition to file sharing, P2P connections are used in various other applications, including instant messaging, voice and video conferencing, and online gaming. They offer several advantages, such as improved scalability, fault tolerance, and reduced latency, as there is no single point of failure or bottleneck.

However, P2P networks also have limitations. They can be more vulnerable to attacks, such as denial-of-service attacks, and may struggle with maintaining consistent performance as the number of peers increases. Additionally, managing and coordinating activities among peers can be complex, requiring sophisticated algorithms and protocols.

Overall, P2P connections represent a significant shift in network architecture, offering new possibilities for resource sharing and collaboration while presenting unique challenges that must be addressed.