pectenotoxins

Pectenotoxins (PTXs) are a family of lipophilic marine toxins produced by certain dinoflagellates, most notably Dinophysis species, and subsequently accumulated in edible shellfish such as scallops, mussels, and clams. The name derives from the scallop genus Pecten, one of the early shellfish sources from which PTXs were isolated. PTXs are macrocyclic polyether toxins characterized by a large ring structure with multiple ether linkages; several PTX congeners have been identified (for example PTX-1, PTX-2, PTX-3).

Occurrence and exposure: Blooms of Dinophysis can contaminate shellfish with PTXs, leading to monitoring programs in coastal regions. Shellfish accumulate PTXs via filter feeding. Human exposure occurs through consumption of contaminated seafood; unlike some other DSP toxins, PTXs have not been consistently linked to acute human illness. Animal studies have shown hepatocellular and cytotoxic effects at high doses, but the relevance to typical human exposure is uncertain.

Detection and regulation: Monitoring uses liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods; regulatory status varies by jurisdiction. Some regions have historically regulated PTXs under broader DSP toxin monitoring with specific action levels, while others have deprioritized PTXs or left risk assessment to ongoing research.

Research and classification: PTXs remain an area of active research due to variability in toxicity among congeners and incomplete understanding of their effects on human health. They are typically discussed alongside other shellfish toxins such as okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, yessotoxins, and azaspiracids.