patriarchatesRome

The Patriarchate of Rome, commonly referred to as the papal see, is the episcopal jurisdiction headed by the pope, the Bishop of Rome. It forms the central governance and doctrinal authority of the Roman Catholic Church. Catholics hold that the pope is the successor of Saint Peter and has a special role in preserving and interpreting apostolic teaching.

Historically, Rome was one of the early centers of Christianity. By the second century, its bishop was recognized with particular authority, and over time this led to a claim of primacy among the church's bishops. In the East, Rome was listed as one of the five patriarchates. The Western Church increasingly centralized authority in Rome, and the papacy expanded its legislative and doctrinal powers. The Great Schism of 1054 formalized a separation between Rome and the Eastern Orthodox Churches. The modern Catholic understanding affirms the pope's universal jurisdiction within the Church, while the concept of collegiality with bishops remains.

The Holy See, not to be confused with the territory of Vatican City, is the jurisdiction of the pope. It governs the Latin Rite and a number of Eastern Catholic Churches through the Roman Curia, councils, and congregations. The Vatican City State, established in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty, provides a sovereign territory for the Holy See.

In the contemporary era, the Patriarchate of Rome continues to be central to Catholic identity and ecumenical dialogue. The pope exercises teaching authority, appoints bishops, and leads the global Catholic Church in matters of faith, morals, liturgy, and pastoral care, while engaging in diplomacy and interreligious outreach.