paramagnetiliseks

Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism that occurs only in the presence of an external magnetic field. Materials exhibiting paramagnetism are weakly attracted to this external field and, upon removal of the field, lose their magnetism entirely. This behavior arises from the presence of unpaired electrons within the atoms or molecules of the material. These unpaired electrons possess intrinsic magnetic dipole moments, which act like tiny magnets. In the absence of an external field, these moments are randomly oriented due to thermal motion, resulting in no net magnetism. However, when an external magnetic field is applied, these individual magnetic moments tend to align themselves with the field, creating a small, induced magnetic field within the material that reinforces the external field.

The strength of this alignment, and thus the degree of paramagnetism, depends on the temperature of the material. At higher temperatures, thermal energy disrupts the alignment of the magnetic moments, weakening the paramagnetic effect. Conversely, at lower temperatures, the alignment is more pronounced. Paramagnetic materials typically have a magnetic susceptibility that is positive but very small. Common examples of paramagnetic substances include aluminum, platinum, and oxygen. Unlike ferromagnetic materials, paramagnets do not retain any residual magnetism after the external field is removed. Their magnetic properties are fundamentally different from diamagnetic materials, which are weakly repelled by magnetic fields.