papilledemában

Papilledema is a medical condition characterized by swelling of the optic disc, which is the point where the optic nerve enters the back of the eye. This swelling is typically bilateral, meaning it affects both eyes. The primary cause of papilledema is increased intracranial pressure, which is pressure within the skull. This elevation in pressure can be due to various underlying conditions.

Common causes of increased intracranial pressure leading to papilledema include brain tumors, hydrocephalus (a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), and severe head injuries. Less commonly, it can be associated with certain blood disorders or idiopathic intracranial hypertension, where the pressure is elevated without an identifiable cause.

Symptoms of papilledema can vary. Initially, it may be asymptomatic or cause transient visual disturbances, such as brief episodes of blurred vision or temporary loss of vision that lasts for seconds, often triggered by changes in posture. As the condition progresses, persistent blurred vision, enlarged blind spots, and potentially double vision can occur. Nausea, vomiting, and headaches are also common symptoms, reflecting the underlying increased intracranial pressure.

Diagnosis involves a comprehensive eye examination, including fundoscopy to visualize the optic disc. Imaging studies like MRI or CT scans of the brain are crucial to identify the cause of the increased intracranial pressure. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause of the elevated pressure. If left untreated, papilledema can lead to progressive vision loss and permanent optic nerve damage.