palinoloji

Palinoloji, or palynology, is the scientific study of pollen grains, spores, and other microscopic organic particles preserved in sediments and geological or archaeological samples. The field covers the collection, preparation, identification, and interpretation of palynomorphs—most commonly pollen and spores—and also includes dinoflagellate cysts, algal spores, and fungal elements. Through their preserved remains, palynologists infer past vegetation, climate, and environmental change over timescales ranging from decades to millions of years.

Methods involve sampling sediment or peat, laboratory processing to concentrate microfossils (often with acid digestion and acetolysis), mounting on slides, and examination under light or electron microscopy. Identification relies on reference pollen morphological features and regional floras. Quantitative palynology yields data such as relative pollen percentages and concentration values, which are used to construct pollen diagrams and to model vegetation and climate dynamics.

Palynology has broad applications: paleoenvironmental reconstruction, stratigraphy and petroleum geology for dating and interpreting depositional environments; archaeology for tracking past land use, crop cultivation, and trade networks; forensic palynology, where pollen provides evidence connecting people or objects to locations; and contemporary allergology and air quality monitoring, by cataloging dominant pollen types and their seasonal patterns.

Limitations include preservation bias, differential production of pollen among species, and geographic variation in pollen dispersal and deposition. Interpreting pollen records requires caution, contextual data, and robust reference collections. Palynology is taught in geology, archaeology, and environmental science programs and is supported by regional pollen atlases and online databases.