paenula

The paenula was a type of Roman cloak or cape that was widely worn by people of all social classes. It was a heavy, hooded garment made from wool, designed to provide protection from the elements, particularly rain and cold. The paenula typically fell to the knees or ankles and was characterized by its semicircular shape. It was often worn with the hood up to further shield the wearer's head and face.

Originally, the paenula may have been associated with military use or with the working classes, but it gradually became a common garment for civilian wear. Its practicality and warmth made it a popular choice for travelers, soldiers, and everyday citizens. The paenula could be fastened at the front with a brooch or clasp, or it could be a simple, shapeless garment that was pulled over the head.

Unlike the toga, which was a symbol of Roman citizenship and was worn on formal occasions, the paenula was considered a more informal and functional piece of clothing. Surviving depictions of the paenula can be found in Roman art, such as mosaics and reliefs, and in literary descriptions. The garment's ubiquity suggests its importance in Roman daily life for both comfort and utility.