ozonization

Ozonization is a treatment process that employs ozone (O₃), a highly reactive form of oxygen, to disinfect and purify water, air, and surfaces. The ozone is generated from ambient oxygen using electrical discharge or UV illumination, producing a gas that is rich in oxidizing agents. When introduced into a substrate, ozone oxidizes organic molecules, microbial cell walls, and volatile organic compounds, ultimately breaking down contaminants into harmless end products such as water and carbon dioxide.

In water treatment, ozonization is used for the removal of pathogens, discoloration, and taste and odor compounds. It can be applied either in bulk systems or as a terminal disinfectant after chlorination. For air purification, ozone generators are employed in industrial settings, hospitals, and commercial buildings to eliminate airborne microorganisms and chemical pollutants. Surface disinfection benefits from ozonization through the use of ozone curtains or sprayed mist, providing a chemical-free means of sterilization in environments such as food processing facilities and laboratories.

Despite its effectiveness, ozonization has drawbacks. Ozone is strong odorant and can be harmful to human respiratory systems at concentrations above 0.1 parts per million. Therefore, exposure limits are strictly regulated by occupational safety agencies. Additionally, ozonation can produce secondary oxidation by‑products, notably aldehydes and ketones, which may pose environmental concerns if emitted untreated. The treatment also requires energy-intensive ozone generators and gas handling equipment, which contribute to operational costs and greenhouse gas emissions associated with electricity production.

Ozone remains a valuable tool in modern sanitation practices due to its rapid action, lack of residual chemicals, and ability to destroy a broad spectrum of contaminants. Ongoing research focuses on optimizing ozone delivery systems, minimizing by‑product formation, and integrating ozonization with complementary disinfection technologies to achieve higher efficacy while ensuring safety and sustainability.