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The ovary is a female reproductive gland. Humans typically have two ovaries, located on either side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. These organs are crucial for reproduction and hormonal regulation.

The primary functions of the ovaries are oogenesis and the production of hormones. Oogenesis is the process of creating and maturing eggs, also known as ova. Females are born with a finite number of immature eggs. At puberty, under hormonal influence, one egg typically matures and is released each menstrual cycle, a process called ovulation. If fertilization occurs, the egg can develop into an embryo.

In addition to egg production, the ovaries secrete essential hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen plays a vital role in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty, such as breast development and the widening of the hips. It also regulates the menstrual cycle and contributes to bone health. Progesterone is primarily involved in preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining pregnancy. These hormones also influence mood, skin, and other bodily functions.

The size and activity of the ovaries change throughout a woman's life. They are relatively small before puberty, grow during reproductive years, and shrink after menopause, when egg production and hormone secretion significantly decrease. Ovarian health is vital for fertility and overall well-being.