orphanhood

Orphanhood refers to the condition of a child under 18 who has lost one or both parents. A child who loses a mother is often called a maternal orphan, a father’s loss makes a paternal orphan, and a child who loses both parents is a double orphan. When both parents are absent, the child may live with relatives, in foster care, or in institutions; in some cases, households led by a child or non-parent caregiver emerge, though these arrangements can carry higher risk.

Causes and scope: Orphanhood results from disease, conflict, natural disasters, accidents, and, in some regions, the impact of epidemics such as HIV/AIDS. Estimates vary by country and region, but millions of children are affected globally. Differences in definitions and data collection mean that comparisons across sources should be cautious.

Impacts: Loss of parental care can increase poverty, disrupt education and health, and affect psychosocial well-being. Orphans may experience stigma, barriers to schooling, and greater vulnerability to exploitation or separation from kin.

Responses and protections: Legal and policy measures aim to protect the rights of orphans and provide access to services. Common arrangements include guardianship, extended-family or non-parental care, adoption, and, when necessary, institutional care as a last resort. Social protection programs, education support, and health services, often supported by governments and international organizations, help reduce vulnerability and promote family-based care.