organske

Organske is a term used across science and agriculture to denote carbon-containing compounds and practices derived from living systems. In chemistry, organic compounds are primarily carbon-based molecules, often with hydrogen, along with common heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. They form the backbone of biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, polymers, and many industrial chemicals. The field of organic chemistry studies the synthesis, reactions, and properties of these compounds, with functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, amine, and carboxyl groups guiding reactivity.

Outside pure chemistry, the term organic is applied to farming and food systems that aim to minimize synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, emphasize soil health, biodiversity, and animal welfare, and adhere to specific certification standards. Organic farming practices include crop rotation, composting, biological pest control, and the use of approved natural inputs.

Historically, the word organic derives from the Latin organicus and Greek organon, reflecting an original belief that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms. In the early 19th century, chemists like Friedrich Wöhler showed that organic compounds could be synthesized from inorganic precursors, a turning point that led to the modern science of organic chemistry.

Regulations vary by country. Common standards include the European Union's organic regulations and the USDA Organic program in the United States; other regions maintain their own certification schemes. Organic labeling typically requires compliance with criteria for inputs, handling, and traceability.

See also: organic chemistry, organic farming, bio-based materials.