opsonizálás

Opsonizálás is a process within the immune system that enhances phagocytosis, the engulfment of foreign particles or cells by phagocytes. It involves the coating of a pathogen or other particulate matter with molecules called opsonins. These opsonins act as molecular flags, making the target more easily recognized and bound by phagocytic cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils.

The most common opsonins are antibodies, particularly IgG, and complement proteins, such as C3b. When antibodies bind to the surface of a bacterium or virus, their Fc regions (the constant part of the antibody molecule) are exposed. Phagocytes have Fc receptors that specifically bind to these Fc regions, facilitating the attachment and engulfment of the opsonized pathogen. Similarly, complement proteins, once activated and deposited on a pathogen's surface, can be recognized by complement receptors on phagocytes, promoting phagocytosis.

The overall effect of opsonizálás is to significantly increase the efficiency with which phagocytes can clear pathogens and cellular debris from the body. This process is crucial for effective innate and adaptive immunity, contributing to the elimination of infections and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Without opsonizálás, the immune system's ability to neutralize and remove threats would be considerably hampered.