opsonizáciu

Opsonizáciu, often referred to as immune tagging or immune priming, is a biological process that enhances phagocytosis of microbes or other foreign particles. It involves the coating of these particles with specific molecules, known as opsonins, which are then recognized by receptors on phagocytic cells. This recognition process significantly increases the efficiency with which phagocytes engulf and eliminate the target particles.

The most common opsonins in the innate immune system are components of the complement system and antibodies produced by the adaptive immune system. Complement proteins, such as C3b, can bind directly to the surface of pathogens. Similarly, antibodies, particularly IgG, can bind to antigens on the pathogen surface. Phagocytic cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, possess specific receptors that bind to these opsonins. For instance, complement receptors bind to complement proteins, and Fc receptors bind to the Fc region of antibodies.

When opsonins coat a particle, they effectively act as bridges between the particle and the phagocytic cell. This enhances the likelihood of a successful phagocytic event, leading to the clearance of the pathogen or debris from the body. Opsonizáciu is a crucial mechanism for both innate and adaptive immunity, playing a vital role in defending against infections and maintaining tissue homeostasis. The effectiveness of many vaccines relies on their ability to induce antibody production, which subsequently enhances opsonizáciu and subsequent phagocytosis of the targeted pathogen.