oncótica

Oncótica refers to a pressure gradient created by colloids, primarily proteins, in fluid. This pressure, also known as colloid osmotic pressure, is crucial for regulating the movement of water across semipermeable membranes, such as those found in blood vessels. In the bloodstream, oncotic pressure is largely determined by the concentration of albumin, a major protein synthesized by the liver. This pressure acts in opposition to hydrostatic pressure, which is the pressure exerted by the blood itself.

The balance between oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure is fundamental to fluid exchange between the capillaries and the surrounding interstitial space. Hydrostatic pressure tends to push fluid out of the capillaries, while oncotic pressure draws fluid back into them. This dynamic interplay ensures that tissues receive necessary nutrients and oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed. Disruptions to oncotic pressure can have significant physiological consequences. For instance, low levels of albumin, seen in conditions like liver disease or malnutrition, can lead to reduced oncotic pressure. This imbalance can cause fluid to accumulate in the interstitial spaces, resulting in edema or swelling.

Therefore, oncotic pressure is a vital component of maintaining fluid homeostasis within the body. Its regulation is essential for normal cellular function and the overall health of the circulatory system. Understanding oncotic pressure is important in various medical contexts, particularly in managing fluid balance and treating conditions associated with protein deficiency or increased capillary permeability.