oksidointireformointi

Oksidointireformointi, commonly known in English as steam reforming, is a crucial industrial process used to produce hydrogen and synthesis gas. It involves reacting a hydrocarbon feedstock, typically natural gas (methane), with steam at high temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst. The primary reaction can be represented as CH4 + H2O <=> CO + 3H2. This reaction is endothermic, meaning it requires heat to proceed. A secondary, highly exothermic reaction, the water-gas shift reaction, is often coupled with steam reforming to maximize hydrogen production and adjust the carbon monoxide to hydrogen ratio: CO + H2O <=> CO2 + H2.

Common catalysts used in steam reforming are based on nickel, supported on materials like alumina. The process typically occurs in a furnace containing tubes packed with the catalyst. Careful control of temperature, pressure, steam-to-hydrocarbon ratio, and residence time is essential for optimizing the yield of hydrogen and synthesis gas, which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Oksidointireformointi is a cornerstone of the chemical industry, providing the hydrogen necessary for ammonia production (for fertilizers), methanol synthesis, and various petrochemical processes. It is also a significant method for producing synthesis gas, which can be further processed into liquid fuels or other chemicals. While a mature technology, ongoing research focuses on improving catalyst efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and exploring alternative feedstocks beyond natural gas.