obsolesce

Obsolescence is the state or process by which a product, practice, or idea becomes outdated or no longer widely used. It occurs when newer technologies, standards, or preferences render older ones less functional, compatible, or economical. Obsolescence is a normal feature of dynamic economies, but it can have social and environmental consequences when it drives excessive replacement or waste.

Causes of obsolescence include technological innovation that offers better performance or lower costs, changes in consumer tastes, regulatory or standardization shifts that require new formats, and the economic incentives of manufacturers to promote newer models. Aesthetic obsolescence, where style or branding makes items seem unfashionable, also contributes, as does planned or perceived obsolescence in some industries.

Types commonly discussed are functional obsolescence (an item can no longer perform its essential tasks effectively), technological obsolescence (new systems are incompatible with or unsupported by old ones), and stylistic or regulatory obsolescence (changes in design trends or laws). Economic obsolescence occurs when external market conditions devalue an asset before the end of its useful life.

Impacts include higher replacement and maintenance costs for individuals and organizations, shifts in supply chains and depreciation schedules, and environmental effects from disposal and recycling. Obsolescence can spur innovation and upgrades, but it can also increase waste if materials are not properly recovered or reused.

Mitigation strategies focus on durability, repairability, and upgradability; the use of open standards and backward compatibility; modular or service-oriented designs; and policies that encourage refurbishment, recycling, and longer service life. Clear signaling of expected lifespans and support timelines can also help manage obsolescence more responsibly.