objectification

Objectification is the process or state of treating a person as an object or instrument for another’s use, rather than as a subject with thoughts, feelings, and autonomy. The concept is widely discussed in feminist philosophy, social psychology, and media studies, and can apply to individuals or groups.

Key dimensions of objectification include instrumentalization (using someone as a means to an end), denial of autonomy, reduction of a person to body parts or physical appearance, fungibility or replaceability, and denial of subjectivity (ignoring inner life and feelings). These forms can occur in direct interactions as well as through cultural representations that emphasize appearance or usefulness over personhood.

Contexts in which objectification is analyzed range from sexual objectification in media and advertising to everyday interactions, dating norms, labor and care-work practices, and digital environments where images are shared or manipulated. Some scholars distinguish sexual objectification—focusing on sexual body parts for others’ use—from general or social objectification of a person.

Effects associated with objectification are discussed in psychology and sociology. Objectification theory links chronic exposure to objectifying cues to self-objectification, body surveillance, body shame, and sometimes diminished cognitive performance; in social analysis, it is associated with perceived inequality and reduced agency. Critics argue that the concept should differentiate harmful, coercive objectification from non-harmful or consensual displays of the body.

Related concepts include dehumanization and commodification. Objectification remains a focus of debates on gender equality, media representation, and human rights, and it intersects with race, sexuality, and class.