nusxalar

Nusxalar is the plural form of nusxa in Uzbek, meaning copies or versions of a text. The term is used to refer to both handwritten manuscripts and later printed editions that preserve a work, and it appears in literary, religious, legal, and archival contexts as a way to identify different witnesses to a text.

Etymology-wise, nusxa derives from historical Persian and Arabic roots meaning a copying or edition. In Uzbek usage, nusxalar collectively denote the various copies by which knowledge and literature were transmitted across generations and regions.

Historically, nusxalar played a central role in the transmission of texts in Central Asia and neighboring areas. Scribes copied poems, religious works, scholarly treatises, and legal documents, producing multiple copies that circulated in libraries, courts, mosques, and markets. Variations among nusxalar—whether in spelling, phrasing, or marginal notes—provide evidence for textual variation, scribal practices, and editorial choices, making them essential for textual criticism and philology.

In modern practice, the concept persists alongside printing and digitization. Distinct categories include manuscript nusxalar, which are handwritten copies stored in archives, and printed editions, which may also be referred to as nusxalar in a broad sense. Digital scans and e-texts expand access to these copies while preserving them as part of a culture’s documentary heritage.

Today, nusxalar continue to serve as important witnesses to a text, enabling scholars to study transmission history, authorial intent, and regional reception.