nodularines

Nodularines are a class of cyclic heptapeptide natural products originally isolated from the freshwater cyanobacterium Nodularia sp. These compounds belong to the nodularin family, which also includes nodularin R, nodularin Y, and nodularin A. Structurally, nodularines are characterized by a macrocyclic backbone composed of seven amino acid residues, including unusual amino acids such as β-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-isoaspartic acid and D-homoarginine. The cyclization typically occurs through an amide bond between the N-terminal and C-terminal residues, conferring high metabolic stability.

The primary biological activity of nodularines involves inhibition of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, similar to that of nodularin R. This inhibition can disrupt cellular signaling pathways, leading to cytotoxic effects in various mammalian cell lines. Consequently, nodularines have been investigated as potential anticancer agents, though their potency and selectivity remain limited by their broad phosphatase inhibition. Recent studies have also explored engineered derivatives that reduce toxicity while preserving enzyme inhibition, thereby improving therapeutic windows.

Environmental monitoring of freshwater bodies often detects nodularines due to cyanobacterial blooms. Their presence has prompted regulatory agencies to set maximum contaminant levels for drinking water, because of their hepatotoxic potential. While nodularine research is still emerging, advances in fermentation technology and synthetic biology are facilitating the production of these compounds for detailed pharmacological studies. The ongoing investigation of nodularines elucidates their role in cyanobacterial ecology and paves the way for novel bioactive molecules derived from microbial circulation.