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A nitroester group, also known as a nitrate ester or organic nitrate, is a functional group in organic chemistry with the general formula R-O-NO2. This group is characterized by a nitrogen atom bonded to three oxygen atoms, with one of the oxygen atoms also bonded to an organic radical (R). The key feature is the N-O bond within the nitrate part of the ester.

Nitroester groups are formed through the esterification reaction between an alcohol and nitric acid or a nitric acid derivative. This process can be hazardous, particularly with highly energetic compounds, due to the potential for decomposition and explosion.

These compounds are often known for their explosive properties. The rapid decomposition of nitroester groups releases a significant amount of energy and gaseous products. The most famous example is nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate), a powerful explosive and a vasodilator used in medicine to treat heart conditions. Other examples include ethyl nitrate and amyl nitrate.

The energetic nature of nitroester groups stems from the relatively weak N-O bonds within the NO2 group and the presence of both oxidizing (oxygen atoms) and reducing (organic part) elements within the same molecule. This internal redox potential allows for rapid, self-sustaining decomposition. Despite their explosive potential, many nitroester compounds have found important applications in various fields, including medicine, pharmaceuticals, and propellants.