nitrocelulózový

Nitrocelulózové refers to substances derived from cellulose through nitration. The most common form is nitrocellulose, also known as cellulose nitrate or guncotton. This material is produced by treating cellulose, typically from cotton or wood pulp, with nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The degree of nitration, meaning the number of nitrate groups attached to the cellulose molecule, determines its properties.

Lower nitrated forms of nitrocellulose are soluble in solvents like alcohol and ether, forming a viscous solution. This property makes it useful as a base for lacquers, varnishes, and inks. These nitrocellulose lacquers were widely used in the automotive industry for their quick drying time and glossy finish. They were also used in the production of photographic film and early types of plastic, such as celluloid.

Higher nitrated forms of nitrocellulose are highly flammable and are known as guncotton. This form is a powerful explosive and has been used as a propellant in firearms and in demolition charges. Its rapid combustion produces a large volume of gas, making it effective for propelling projectiles. Due to its explosive nature, handling and storage of high explosives require strict safety protocols.

The term nitrocelulózové can also encompass other cellulose esters with nitro groups, though cellulose nitrate is the most prevalent. The production and use of nitrocellulose have evolved over time, with advancements in safety and formulation leading to a wider range of applications, while also acknowledging its inherent hazards.