niter

Niter, also spelled nitre, is a historical or variant name for nitrates, most commonly referring to potassium nitrate (KNO3), which is also known as saltpeter. In nature, potassium nitrate occurs as the mineral nitre, a white crystalline substance found in arid environments and in some caves, formed by evaporation of nitrate-rich solutions and related processes. The term niter has also appeared in older texts to designate nitrates in general.

Chemically, potassium nitrate is an ionic compound composed of potassium ions and nitrate ions. It is a white, highly soluble crystalline solid that melts around 334 degrees Celsius and decomposes on heating, releasing oxygen. As an oxidizer, it supports combustion and can intensify fires when in contact with flammable materials.

Historically and practically, niter has played a significant role in chemistry and industry. Potassium nitrate is a principal component of traditional gunpowder, along with charcoal and sulfur. Beyond its role in incendiary mixtures, it has been used as a fertilizer due to its nitrogen content and as a food preservative in curing meats. It remains a component in some propellants and pyrotechnic formulations, though many modern applications rely on specialized nitrate blends.

Safety and handling are important because nitrates are strong oxidizers. They can accelerate the combustion of organic materials and pose risks if exposed to heat, friction, or incompatibles. Proper storage in a cool, dry place away from organic matter and incompatible substances is advised. In addition, regulatory controls may apply to nitrate handling in certain jurisdictions.