neurotoksisia

Neurotoksisia is a Finnish term used to describe substances or exposures that are neurotoxic, meaning they can damage the nervous system. In toxicology and pharmacology, the concept covers a broad range of agents that may affect neurons, glial cells, synapses, or neural circuits. Neurotoksisia effects can result from environmental, occupational, dietary, pharmaceutical, or accidental exposures and may occur acutely or develop after chronic exposure.

The mechanisms of neurotoxicity are diverse. Some agents disrupt ion channels or neurotransmitter systems, others induce oxidative stress or mitochondrial dysfunction, and still others provoke inflammation, demyelination, or neurodevelopmental disruption. Individual susceptibility varies with dose and duration of exposure, age, genetics, nutrition, and interactions with other chemicals.

Common examples of neurotoxic agents include heavy metals such as lead and mercury, organic solvents, certain pesticides and industrial chemicals, and some drugs of abuse. Biological toxins such as botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin are also considered neurotoxic. Exposure routes include inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption, and injection, with outcomes ranging from mild cognitive changes to severe neurologic deficits.

Clinical recognition relies on history, neurological examination, and, when appropriate, neuroimaging or electrophysiological testing. Management centers on removing the source of exposure, supportive care, and specific antidotes or treatments for particular toxins. Prevention focuses on regulatory controls, environmental monitoring, personal protective equipment, and safe handling practices to reduce population-level risk.