nephrotoxicitás

Nephrotoxicity refers to the toxic effect of certain chemical substances on the kidneys. These substances, known as nephrotoxins, can damage the kidney's structure and impair its function. The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, regulating blood pressure, and maintaining electrolyte balance. When they are damaged, these essential functions can be compromised.

Nephrotoxins can originate from various sources. Many medications, including certain antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and chemotherapy agents, can be nephrotoxic if used improperly or in susceptible individuals. Environmental toxins, such as heavy metals like lead and mercury, and certain pesticides, can also contribute to kidney damage. Naturally occurring toxins, like those found in some mushrooms, can also be harmful.

The mechanisms by which nephrotoxins cause damage are diverse and depend on the specific substance. Some toxins directly injure kidney cells, leading to cell death. Others can disrupt blood flow to the kidneys, causing ischemia. Some toxins may trigger an inflammatory response within the kidneys, further exacerbating damage.

Symptoms of nephrotoxicity can range from mild to severe and may include changes in urine output (either increased or decreased), swelling in the legs and ankles, fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite. In severe cases, acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop. Diagnosis typically involves blood and urine tests to assess kidney function, along with a thorough medical history. Treatment focuses on removing the offending agent, supportive care to manage symptoms and maintain kidney function, and addressing any underlying causes of kidney damage. Prevention often involves careful use of medications, minimizing exposure to environmental toxins, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.