naturalscience

Natural science, or the natural sciences, is a broad branch of science that studies the natural world through observation, empirical evidence, and theoretical explanations. It seeks to explain natural phenomena by formulating testable hypotheses and building coherent models. The main disciplines are physics, chemistry, biology, Earth sciences, and astronomy, though the boundaries between them are permeable and many fields are interdisciplinary, such as biophysics or geochemistry.

Natural science relies on the scientific method: making observations, proposing hypotheses, conducting experiments, gathering data, and refining theories. Data are analyzed for reliability and uncertainty; results are subjected to peer review and replication. Theories provide overarching explanations; laws describe regularities; models simulate complex systems. Quantitative measurements, statistical reasoning, and careful communication of methods help ensure reproducibility and rigor.

Historically, natural science has roots in natural philosophy and developed significantly during the Scientific Revolution. It continues to expand through both reductionist studies of simple components and integrative approaches that address complex systems. Natural science underpins technology, medicine, environmental management, and policy. Education in natural science emphasizes foundational knowledge and laboratory skills, and career paths commonly include research, industry, education, and public service.